شعر الوليد بن يزيد دراسة موضوعية فنية

السلطان, عبير محمد فؤاد (2014) شعر الوليد بن يزيد دراسة موضوعية فنية. Masters thesis, Al Aqsa University.

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Abstract

Abstract Poetry of Al-Waleed bin Yazeed An Objective Artistic Study The Umayyad policy that was followed used to create the sons of Sahaba [companions] in Hejaz through money and gifts, as well as servants and singers to drive them away from thinking in seeking Caliphate. The policy of the Umayyad was meant to transfer the Caliphate from Hejaz to the Levant to be safe from the Muhajirin [The Emigrants] and the Anssar [Patrons] and to keep away from competing other tribes of Quraysh in assuming the Caliphate. This meant isolating the people of Hejaz totally from public policy. The policy of the Umayyad followed a method of invitation and intimidation. However, the political life in the Umayyad period was turbulent. The Umayyad were seen by a lot of Muslims as extorters of the Caliphate. As a result of the effect of this discontent, three parties were formed. These parties opposed the Umayyad and called for fighting them. These parties were: Kharijites, Shiites, and Zubayriun [followers of Zubair]. Each party of those parties had its orators and poets. The new environments for Arabs forced them to mix with other native inhabitants. The Arab and Muslim witnessed a noticeable change in the Umayyad period. Singing and Ghazal [a poetic form consisting of rhyming couplets and a refrain] became common in Hejaz, and then they moved to the Levant. The Umayyad period witnessed tribalism and bias against Mawali [non-Arab Muslim] who were considered servants for the Umayyad in peace and war. Later, the Umayyad Caliphs, except Omar bin Abd-Alazeez, asked for singers. Yazeed bin Abd Almalek and his son Al Waleed bin Yazeed exaggerated in this, and they held gatherings for poetry and singing. These gatherings were attended by poets. Arab women started to enjoy a kind of freedom and openness. They did not have any problem in speaking to men and appearing before them. They also enjoyed social and economic privileges like Um al-Baneen and Sukaina bint Al-Husain. Politics in the Umayyad period affected on literature of that period particularly the literature of those who support the authority and those who oppose it. Naqai’d [flytings] performances became common in this period, too. The Umayyad Caliphs and Imams were interested in knowledge and scientists. During the Umayyad period, the Sira of Prophet [The life of Prophet peace be upon him] and prophetic sayings were written down. Books on ranks and biographies became popular. Translating books became common as well. Moreover, Abdel Hameed al-Katib appeared at that time, and the Fiqh schools were established. They had an important role in paving the way for scientific advancement that prevailed during the Abbasid period. The value of money rose in the Umayyad period, and people diversified the ways of getting money especially poets. Money and entertainment are the two things that affected on the life and poetry of Omar bin abi Rabi’a, al-Ahwas, al-Arji, and Al Waleed bin Yazeed. Money and entertainment also affected on new forms of Ghazal and entertainment poetry, as well as wine. People diversified the ways of building homes, palaces and gardens, as well as taking care of restaurants and clothes. There were various reasons for entertainment such as horse racing, hunting, and snipping. People at that time also brought singers, and there was a vast gap in ranks among people who own power on the one hand, and the ranks of ordinary people on the other. Unbearable forms of injustice appeared. The Saalik poets expressed this idea. Therefore, the notion of money appeared in the Umayyad poems, where eulogy became a prominent feature of poetry. During this era, that witnessed political, social, and ideological changes, Al Waleed bin Yazeed lived late the first Hijri century and early the first quarter of the second century. His era was a period of skepticism and entertainment. Al Waleed fell in love with Salam – his sister-in-law. He loved her so much. He expressed about his love for her in his poetry. Al Waleed encountered so much evil from his uncle Hisham bin Abdel Malek after his father’s death. Al Waleed started to like this materialistic life as being affected by his father. His royal court was full of singers and foreign servants. This was before being a Caliph. After being the Caliph, he used to ask his aides from the regions he governs to provide him with musical instruments, wine, and gifts. He held gatherings of literature and singing. Poets and novelists used to visit him, and he used to be very generous with them. His gatherings reflected his personality very well because such gatherings were the most important ones in his era as they added a lot to poetry and singing. News on Al Waleed was plenty in the books of history, literature, and biographies. A lot of these books considered him as an atheist and non-believer. There were some stories proving so. Abu Faraj al-Asfahani used to re-narrate whatever he had heard about Al Waleed without any verification especially if it was something harmful to Al Waleed’s personality. Enemies of Al Waleed succeeded to defame him as much as they could in order to topple him down from power; thus, getting the Caliphate. The enemies of the Umayyad had a great effect in exaggerating news on Al Waleed to achieve political aims. In spite of all the bad news narrated about him, Al Waleed had good characteristics such as generosity, loyalty, modesty, and courage. He increased the salaries of soldiers and elegized his uncle Masslama. He also apologized for Said bin Khaled, Salma’s father. Moreover, Al Waleed brought poets, singers, and novelists giving more opportunities for poetry and singing. Al Waleed is the founder of Khamriyyat [wine poetry] that became common afterwards in the Abbasid period. He is also considered as a reformist in poetic rhyme. One of the poetic arts of Al Waleed was Ghazal which became a separate topic for which poets started to allocate complete poems. They also started to specialize in Ghazal. They gave it much interest more than any other topics. Ghazal was characterized by being free of vulgarity, yet it was frank in describing the relationship between a man and a woman like what Imru’ al-Qais said in his Mu’llaqa [Hanging Poem]. Poetry was not limited to the physical description of a woman, but it used to analyze psychology of women. Al Waleed created the style of dialogue in stories. It can be noticed that this Ghazal consisted of stanzas that have rhyme and selected words, as well as familiar expressions to fit the nature of singing. Al Waleed bin Yazeed may be the most important poet after Omar bin Rabe’a who fulfilled the demands of singers. Ghazal poems constituted %36.5 of Al Waleed’s collection, i.e. more than one third of the poems of the collection. Despite the fact that there were various beloved girls of Al Waleed whom he flirted, Salma got the highest portion of poems. Al Waleed’s poems of Ghazal varied between physical, spiritual, classical, and erotic Ghazal. Ghazal included mentioning remains, hunting, and women. Among the themes of Al Waleed’s poetry were wine and entertainment. This distinguished Al Waleed from his peers and those who preceded him. Al Waleed could successfully describe wine in an accurate way. He made wine as if it was his beloved girl that he meticulously describes. The number of poems that talk about wine was 34 poems. Thus, Al Waleed is pioneering in this field. Al Waleed used to be accompanied by singers and servants turning the Caliph palace into a place for entertainment. This affected on the poets that followed Al Waleed. Al Waleed was fabulous in description as his poetry included much description. The number of poems that cover this topic is 40. These poems dealt with love and its effects. They also described women whom he flirted; Salma in particular. Description of wine, its types, and its effects on mind and body have all been included in the poems of Al Waleed bin Yazeed. In addition, Al Waleed described the singers he admired such as Omar Al-Wadi and Abi Kamel. He described his horse and hunting trips, as well as his courage. Furthermore, Al Waleed discussed topics such as elegy. He elegized his uncle Masslama, his son Mu’men, and his beloved Salma in very touching poems. Also, he discussed pride in poems. He was not only proud of his descent, but he was also proud of himself, his values, his courage, and his patience in distress. Satire was also another topic he tackled. Al Waleed bin Yazeed satirized Said bin Khalid – Salma’s father, and his political opponents such as his uncle Hisham and his cousins. Al Waleed used political Ghazal in satirizing his political opponents. Reproach and apology were also topics that Al Waleed discussed. He reproached his uncle Hisham bin Abdel Malek for what he did against him. He apologized for Said bin Khalid – Salma’s father, whom he had previously satirized as he did not wed him Salma. One of the important characteristics of Al Waleed’s poetry is that its meanings create images that stimulate imagination of readers and hearers alike. Al Waleed’s expressions are symmetric, i.e. his expressions are sentimental when the topic is so, and they are strong when the topic requires so. These expressions have tone and rhyme, and they are not hackneyed or commonly used. Al Waleed pushed his poetic language towards new popular horizons and created new amazing methods and structures. This reveals an outstanding poet and reminds readers of al-Buhtori. Al Waleed’s poetry contained proper nouns. He could make use of these nouns artistically in his poetry. Despite the fact that most of the poems of Al Waleed’s collection contained statements and informative style, we do not find his poetry as weak or boring. Furthermore, compositional styles that characterize Al Waleed’s poetry contributed to increasing the rhetorical tone in some of his poems as they are used properly to express about worry and fear of the poet. Al Waleed thoroughly used mocking in his poetry where he satirized various people from various levels and in various positions. Also, he mocked some phenomena such as drinking wine. Poems of Al Waleed were full of partial imagery that are based on simile, metaphor, and metonymy as well as complete imagery which are considered more comprehensive. Imagery had a noticeable effect on Al Waleed’s poetry because of his imagination and choosing the appropriate imagery. Al Waleed bin Yazeed could choose the expressions and terms that can reflect stages of emotions and his feeling toward the poetic experience. The meters that Al Waleed composed his poetry in are 12 ones except the Muḍāri, the Muqtaḍib, the Mutadārik and the Mujtath because it is difficult to use them or because they do not fit the themes and objectives he tackled. Moreover, Al Waleed thoroughly used short meters in composing his poetry. These are meters that fit the then new singing such as the Ramal, the Khafīf , the Wāfir, and the Mutaqārib which are characterized by being rapid meters. These are clear meters that suit Ghazal and singing. Al Waleed tried to shorten his meters. This became a feature of his poetic collection. He also adopted singing; thus, making it as an element of rhythm which is part of rhyme. Al Waleed used 18 letters in narrating his poems. The lām and rā’ were on the top of the list of these letters being used in poems, followed by mīm, bā’, dāl, tā’, ‘ayn, ḥā’, hā’, and then sīn. All these letters fit the letters that appear a lot in poetry in Arabic. They also fit the emotional experiences of poets and their psychology most of the time. These letters achieve the rhythmic effect needed. They play a role in stylistic features of the poems. In addition, Al Waleed has thoroughly used perfect rhyme, short meters, short poems, and parts of meters. All in all, this confirms the poetic abilities of Al Waleed bin Yazeed, and his abilities to create tone and rhyme.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Subjects:	P Language and Literature > PN Literature (General) > PN0080 Criticism
Divisions:	Faculty of Law, Arts and Social Sciences > School of Humanities
Depositing User:	Mr. Ahmed A, Ouda
Date Deposited:	02 Oct 2018 07:22
Last Modified:	02 Oct 2018 07:22
URI:	http://scholar.alaqsa.edu.ps/id/eprint/1048

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